When my children were too young to teach, I would vigorously search out and remove any nightshade plants from our yard. While I vaguely remembered reading that you have to eat quite a few of the candy-coloured red, yellow and orange fruit to die, I wasn’t taking any chances. I had grown up calling the plant with the pretty purple and yellow flowers “deadly nightshade.” I certainly didn’t want to test the name.
Years have passed and my children know what is not safe to scarf down. A few nightshade plants have grown. I didn’t pull them all out because I think the flowers and berries are actually rather beautiful. One vine twines through a euonymus bush against our fence. Another has sent sprays of berries out over a limestone retaining wall.
Living in a suburban world of grass lawns and pruned trees, I suppose I should have given some thought to how the plants were getting here in the first place, but I was too busy chasing toddlers to think much beyond “Wait. Don’t. It will—“ and then get a towel to dry them off.
Cardinal Consumes Bright Red Berry
Then this weekend, I was watching a male cardinal. He was snooping around eating something off the peach tree branches, then poking amongst the pinks and the Echinacea in the garden bed. I was trying to take his photo, when I clearly saw him pluck a single ruby red berry.
He tapped it on the limestone at his feet and seemed to rip it open. Thanks to an annoying Echinacea branch, I couldn’t quite see what he did. Did he eat the flesh? Did he eat the seeds? Or did he disdain both and just leave it there.
And now that I do have time to think about it, how are all these nightshade plants getting a start in my yard? They don’t have fluffy airborne seeds like the dandelions and thistles that also want to make their home here. We don’t have a stream to float incoming berries. My kids are so suspicious of them, they wouldn’t even pick them, much less carry them home to plant.
Bird poop seems like a chief suspect.
Since I couldn’t see whether the cardinal ate the berry or the seeds, I had to look for information elsewhere. As usual, I did a bit of a poke and search around the internet and flipped through my field guides.
Bittersweet but Still Somewhat Deadly
The first thing I discovered is that the plant I have called “deadly nightshade” for decades isn’t named that. The plant is actually Bittersweet Nightshade, Solanum dulcamara. Bittersweet Nightshade is an alien, not native to Canada. The one called Deadly Nightshade has black berries.
Both nightshades are toxic and should never be eaten. The Bittersweet Nightshade is less severely toxic. My Peterson Field Guides to Eastern / Central Medicinal Plants says that it contains “toxic alkaloids and steroids” and can kill by “paralysis and weakened heart.” So keeping the kids away from the berries and plants was a good idea.
Can Birds Bite It, or Will They Bite It?
Having identified the plant properly, I continued trying to find out whether birds can eat the seeds safely. Birds can often eat things that would kill us. For instance, have you ever seen a vulture eating 3-day-old road kill? I’d suggest that we humans skip trying that.
(And of course, my wise Mom once observed when a chipmunk was eating a wild mushroom, “I wouldn’t eat it just because the chipmunk is. Who knows if it’s going to run off, hide and die?” Even wild animals can make toxic mistakes.)
Various internet sources stated that birds do eat bittersweet nightshade berries, but to me one source was more authoritative than the others. A study done by Kent State University in Ohio in the 1950s actually examined the contents of the stomachs of dead birds. They found bittersweet nightshade berry seeds in the stomachs of 4 cardinals. So cardinals do eat nightshade berries. Whether they should or not.
On the US Federal Fire Service website, it states “In a controlled experiment, bittersweet nightshade was found to be highly palatable to cedar waxwings, [and] moderately palatable to American robins and white-crowned sparrows….”
According the various other sources including government weed control sites, birds eat the nightshade berries and spread the seeds in their droppings. This has lead to a widespread distribution of the plants.
So now I have another reason to allow one or two bittersweet nightshade plants to twine around my garden. They produce bright blossoms and attractive berries, and they provide food for visiting birds. I’ll keep the plants in check, though, because I know not everyone likes them.
Join In
Have you seen a bird eating nightshade berries? Did it eat more than one? Please share your observations with a comment.
Hello,
Interesting article! Since April I have had a Ruffed Grouse stalking me through our forests which has provided me with an excellent opportunity to observe his behaviour and what he eats.
One day I saw some red berries on a suspended vine and tossed them down for the grouse, who we’ve named Herald. He seemed delighted at this and picked up the berries and swallowed them each whole. The ingestion of the berries has not killed him, and he seems perfectly fine these three weeks later. It was not until I tried to find out what kind of berries they were, that I discovered they might be Nightshade berries.
However, after hours off scouring the internet and books, I still can’t determine whether or not they are Deadly Nightshade, or Bittersweet Nightshade. I can’t seem to find the differences between the two. In your article you say that Deadly Nighshade berries are black, but other sources say their red.
Also, before I knew what they might be, I had handled them quite a bit, and never did I develop a rash like the internet warns, so perhaps these aren’t even Nightshade berries.
I can get some pictures if your interested!
Thanks,
Aliuh
If you’re in Ontario, they are probably Bittersweet Nightshade as it is by far the most common plant here. The problem with “common names” for plants is they vary depending on where you live. There’s a tree called “Box Elder” in the USA. I never knew what it was until I discovered it’s what I call a Manitoba Maple.
Birds can eat many berries that would kill us, including Yew berries. I’ve seen the birds eating the berries from our Bittersweet Nightshade, and as you say they are fine afterwards. That doesn’t mean I’d try it though!
I have rescued a wild chipmunk who was found with these berries in her mouth (I actually used tweezers and removed them from her cheek pouches). She was gasping, ataxic, blown pupils, twitching and rolling around unable to walk. These are classic signs of atropine overdose or nightshade poisoning. Clearly, animals WILL eat things they ought not to. She has started taking sugar water by syringe so I am hoping the poison will clear her system and I can release her.
That is one very lucky Chippie! I hope she will recover and I’ll remember to warn any children I see near Nightshade to leave it alone.
My chickens love the berries. I watched them jumping up and snatching them off the vine. They have been doing this for a couple of years and I’ve seen no ill effect.
Yes, most birds seem to enjoy them: which is probably why is spreads so easily even in residential neighbourhoods. It’s interesting to know your chickens think they’re good too. Thanks for sharing!
Mallard ducks in my yard jump up and grab them by the dozen, they love them
Interesting! The mallards near us seem to eat everything from berries to insects so I guess yours do too. Thanks for sharing your sighting!
I had always thought that the Deadly Nightshade (which I now know is Bittersweet Nightshade) in my yard was toxic as well. I have tried to eradicate it for years – until this year. I allowed it to grow on a trellis usually reserved for morning glories. Since the berries arrived it has been visited daily by a mockingbird family, adults and juveniles. They have never come to my bird feeder for seeds. Now I’ll be growing Bittersweet Nightshade every year!
Thanks for sharing this: I didn’t know that Mockingbirds like the berries! As long as any visiting young children are warned not to eat them, your plan should work well. Nightshade grows in almost every city park and most school yards along the fence line, so most people know to leave the fruit alone.
Thanks again for taking the time to comment!
I did not even know I had nightshade growing in my forsythia bush. I even brought stems of the purple flowers indoors for a bit of color during the summer. Not until I had a family friend who is a landscaper clean up our yard did he identify the vine of purple flowers as nightshade. We have no small children in the vicinity but we and our next door neighbor have dogs and curious ones at that. I will be notifying her immediately because today I learned the red berries are nightshade too. People beware of what is growing in our yards!!!!
Luckily either dogs are immune or they don’t like them these berries, as these plants grow throughout southern Ontario in big cities like Toronto and I’ve never heard of a dog getting sick from them. (I think they don’t like the smell of the plants and stay away from them but I’m not sure.)
The real “deadly nightshade” is atropa belladonna. One mature berry can kill an adult human. I grow them from seed for medicinal use. Only small bits of the leaves, of course. It is the original ingredient in Contac cold capsules, and also was the active ingredient in Donnagel, a diarrhea medicine. Great care is needed, of course.
Interesting! I think I’d advise everyone to just leave them alone–that sounds very risky!
I have a couple of these bushes in my front yard. We moved to this house in April. Now it is November and the berries are bright red. A few days ago we found a squirrel dead within 5 foot of the bushes and also a couple of birds dead. Then yesterday we found another bird dead just under the bushes. If I can I will post pics of the bush and bird. . We live in mid- western missouri
Not able to post pictures The bird by the bush is a cedar waxwing.
I’m sorry you’ve had animals dying in your yard! Are your plants actually bushes? Bittersweet Nightshade is a vine which cannot support itself but could climb a fence or twine around another plant. I’m wondering if they are another similar plant or if there is something else poisonous nearby. Waxwings and Robins can and do eat the fruit without normally suffering for it. Perhaps you could take a cutting to an extension office for an id? (Please wear gloves in case it is something toxic!) I’ll hope you have no more losses. (I’m also hoping your neighbourhood doesn’t have a killer cat using the foliage to hunt from–we had that problem a few years ago.)
Hello. I live in Northern New Brunswick, Canada. I lanted Bittersweet Nightshade about 7 years ago to climb up my deck railings and a trellis. By three years ago it had spread in all directions and grew to about 10′ high each year. Also thee years ago, I discovered I had a couple of Northern Mocking birds living in my yard over the summer. They are VERY rare in this area…and WONDERFUL!
Since then, I have been trying to gey a decent closeup photo. They are very inquisitive, but nervous of even tiny sounds.
One was right outside my patio doors 3 days ago….eating last year’s berries off the nightshade! I got a good photo before the soft beep on the auto focus scared him away. likely the mocking birds eat those later in the year.
Thank you so much for sharing your experience. It must be amazing to have the Mockingbirds right in your yard!
I live in Southern Ontario, Canada. We have what I assume is Bittersweet Nightshade, not the Deadly version. I just found your site after seeing both a squirrel and a cardinal eating the berries on vines growing up one of our arbors.
I thought it was poisonous to wildlife so thought i’d research online. After seeing some of the comments I’m still not sure what the verdict is?!
The verdict is that it is not poisonous to all birds and mammals, but it may be too some. Given that it is a native plant, I think it’s reasonable to leave it in your yard, although if there are any children, it’s important to explain to them not to eat it.
I’m in Southern Ontario as well. The Cardinals in my yard come regularly to eat the berries. Thanks for the information! I will definitely leave this vine for the birds and bees, and warn any children.
That sounds like a good strategy!
I am watching wild turkeys eating off these vines right now it is cold winter here. There are 6 turkeys eating right now. I questioned this, which led me to your article. I hope they will be OK.
I’ve seen many birds, including the Robins that live in our yard, eat these and be fine, so I think your Turkeys should be ok. It must be lovely to see so many wild turkeys at once!
Hi, I want to remind everyone tomato, potato (not sweet or yam) and tobacco are all nightshades. So the toxicity is widely variable in this plant family.Store your potatos away from sunlight and don’t eat the green. That is the solane from the latin family name solanacea, common nightshade. Some of this is probably misspelled.
I just filmed a muskrat eating the leaves from a nightshade bush that I have right near the waters edge. It’s not just the birds that seem to like them 😊
We’re just watching a Bullfinch pair tucking in lustily to our Nightshade berries in our Scottish garden!
Hopefully they are also edible for your birds!
There are 3 pigeons eating the red berries from the Nightshade plant right now in my Chicago backyard. I do see mostly pigeons eat them from time to time. I clip the plant back quite a bit, especially when my grandsons visit. I don’t want my grandsons to play with the berries since they are pretty enough to pick.
I would not let my family near the berries either!
Very interesting but please be careful–there are some plants where even one taste could be lethal!